Invitations to Tender for Facility Management Services by Cinzia Talamo & Nazly Atta

Author:Cinzia Talamo & Nazly Atta
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030040093
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

5In this respect, the DIKW model for knowledge management and data value extraction can be mentioned. The DIKW model or DIKW pyramid is a method, dealing with knowledge management, often used to explain the ways we move (actions and decisions) from data (the D) to information (I), knowledge (K) and wisdom (W). In the DIKW model, the data, which are at the base of the pyramid, are symbols that represent the properties of objects and events. The information consists of processed data. Like data, information represents the properties of objects and events, but with respect to these ones, they are finalized. The difference between data and information is functional, not structural. Information is data that has acquired meaning through relational connections. The information is related to questions such as “who, how, when, where, how much”. Knowledge arises from organized and related information and answers the question “how”. Understanding, a higher level of the pyramid, is related to the explanation of phenomena and answers to the question “why?” Information, knowledge and understanding contribute to the efficiency of behaviors (Ackoff 1989).

For a revision of the data–information–knowledge–wisdom (DIKW) hierarchy see: Rowley J (2007) The wisdom hierarchy: representations of the DIKW hierarchy. Journal of Information Science 33(2):163–180.

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